MAUČEC Miha:
Uporaba membranskih bioreaktrojev na komunalnih čistilnih napravah
Mentor:
izr. prof. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Mario Krzyk
zagovor: julij 2016
Povzetek
V seminarski nalogi je
predstavljena uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev na komunalnih čistilnih
napravah. V industriji so takšni sistemi uporabljeni že dalj časa, saj
prispevajo k boljšemu čiščenju odpadnih voda. Z vse strožjimi standardi o
izpustih iz čistilnih naprav se je začela uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev tudi
na komunalnih čistilnih napravah. Cilj naloge je bil opisati postopek čiščenja
odpadnih voda z membranskimi bioreaktorji, ter predstaviti, prednosti in
slabosti teh sistemov. Podjetja so k razvoju membranskih bioreaktorjev
prostopila na različne načine, tako je prišlo do nastanka več vrst sistemov
membran, ter postopkov v samem delovanju membranskih bioreaktorjev. Tako smo
predstavili najpogosteje uporabljene sisteme, kateri so že dobro preverjeni za
uporabo na komunlanih čistilnih napravah, saj jih uporabljajo že vrsto let. Iz
preučevanja literature je bilo razvidno, da uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev na
komunalnih čistilnih napravah še ima določen pomankljivosti. Predvsem stroškovno
gledano še niso izenačeni z običajnimi biološkimi čistilnimi napravami, kar pa
je posledica, menjavanja membran, ter neuveljavljenosti membranskih
bioreaktorjev, kar posledično zvišuje ceno postavitve sistema.
Ključne besede: MBR,
čistilna naprava, membranski bioreaktor, votla vlakna, mašenje, filtracija,
Zenon, Kubota
Abstract
We wanted to present the usage of membrane bioreactors for
municipal wastewater treatment plants. In industries such systems are widely
spread contributing to improve wastewater treatment. With increasing standards
on discahrges from wastewater treatment plantsm began usage of membrane
bioreactors at municipal treatment plants. The aim of the thesis was to describe
the process of wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactors and to present
advantages and disadvantages of these systems. Companies that produce membrane
bioreactors have different ways of approaching to develpomnet. So there has been
the emergence of several types of membrane systems and procedures in the proper
functioning of membrane bioreactors. We have presented the most commonly used
systems, which are already well proven for usage for municipal wastewater
treatment plants, since they have been in operation for several years. By
studying the literature it showed that the usage of membrane bioreactors for
municipal wastewater treatment plants stil has some drawbacks. Particularly the
operating costs are higher than by conventional biological wastewater treatment
plants, which is result of membrane exchange. Since the membrane bioreactors are
not commonly used at this type of treatment plants the costs of instaling the
system are therefore also higher.
Key words: MBR,
wastewater treatment plant, membrane bioreactor, hollow fibre, fouling,
filtration, Zenon, Kubota
MARGUČ Tina:
Upravljanje z vodnimi zemljišči
Mentor:
prof. dr. Franci Steinman
zagovor: julij 2016
Povzetek
V okviru upravljanja voda se
urejajo tudi vodna in priobalna zemljišča. To področje ureja krovni zakon to je
Zakon o vodah. Urejanje vodnih zemljišč je bilo zaradi zgodovinskih dejstev, to
je družbene lastnine, v preteklosti zelo zapostavljeno področje. Vodotoki so
spreminjali svoje struge, zaradi zaščite pred poplavami so se izvajale
regulacije, nastajala je vodna infrastruktura, zemljišča pa se temu primerno
niso urejala. Tako je v katastru nepremičnin in v zemljiški knjigi stanje precej
drugačno kot je stanje v naravi, oziroma dejansko stanje. Razpolaganje,
pridobivanje in obremenjevanje s stvarnimi pravicami vodnih in priobalnih
zemljišč je postopkovno zelo zahtevno, predvsem tudi zato, ker so struge
vodotokov, to so vodna zemljišča, javno dobro in namenjena splošni rabi, zato
promet s temi zemljišči dejansko brez predhodnih postopkov ni možen. Zelo se
razlikujejo tudi podatki in evidence o vodnih zemljiščih, ki niso enotno
urejene. Razpolaganje in pridobivanje so metode, ki omogočajo pravne posle in
promet z nekdaj vodnimi zemljišči in zemljišči po katerih dejansko tečejo
spremenjene struge vodotokov. Urejanje vodnih zemljišč, ki niso v lasti države,
oziroma še niso ustrezno lastninjena so odvisni od postopkov, ki jih vodijo
različni državni organi. .
Ključne besede: vodna
zemljišča, dejanska raba, zemljiški kataster, zemljiška knjiga, javno dobro,
pravni posli, evidenca, upravljavec, priobalno zemljišče
Abstract
In the context of water management, also the river streams and
shorelines are included. This area is governed by the umbrella law called The
Law on waters. Management of river basins and shorelines has been neglected in
the past. This was mainly due to the historical fact that these areas were
public property. Streams changed their channels, due to protection against
flooding streams were regulated, water related infrastructure was emerging, but
surrounding lands were not managed accordingly. For this reason the Real-estate
Kataster and Land Registry contain information and show records that are not in
line with the actual situation. Use, acquisition and applying mortgage (or other
kinds of debts) to the land of water streams and shorelines is very challenging
from a procedural point of view. This mainly due to the fact that these lands
are considered “public good” and should be available to general use. For that
reason real estate market with these lands requires plenty of additional
procedures beforehand. There are many discrepancies noted from different sources
of the public records, which are not regulated and managed uniformly. The use
and acquisition are methods that enable legal business and real estate market
with the lands where a water streams once existed and the lands where actual
water stream exist at present period. Management of water lands that are not
publicly owned or were not fully privatized, depend heavily on the procedures
led by different competent public authorities.
Key words: river land
management, land use, land Kataster, Land Regestry, public good, legal business,
record, manegar, shoreline area
KRSMANOVIĆ Mirko:
Tehnične možnosti izgradnje malega zadrževalnika in nastavki za idejni projekt
zadrževalnika na Horjulki
Mentor:
prof. dr. Franci Steinman
zagovor: julij 2016
Povzetek
Mali vodni zadrževalniki z malo
pregrado so hidrotehnični objekti za zadrževanje oziroma začasno akumuliranje
vode. Njihova naloga je zagotoviti poplavno varnosti pri pojavu daljšega naliva
in posledično zelo povečanega pretoka ter poplavnega vala. Smisel malih
zadrževalnikov je v tem, da smo bolj fleksibilni pri postavitvi, saj zavzamejo
manjšo površino in z njimi predvsem rešujemo težave na omejenem obsegu površin
in lokalno. V seminarski nalogi se na začetku posvetim definiciji male pregrade
in kaj so ključni parametri, kateri jih ločijo od velikih pregrad. Kasneje
naredim splošen pregled tipov malih pregrad. V glavnem delu naloge pa se
posvetim tehničnim vidikom zasnove homogene in slojevite male pregrade. Katere
kriterije je pri posamezni fazi gradnje treba upoštevati. Navajam kriterije za
zbijanje temeljnih tal in slojev pregrade, tehnike tesnitve, kriterije za
preprečevanje pronicanja in notranje erozije v pregradi. Obrazložim drenažni
sistem ter pojem in kriterije varnostnega nadvišanja pregrade. V nadaljevanju se
posvetim zunanji zaščiti brežin na vodni in suhi strani pregrade, formiranju
krone pregrade in njenih mer. Na koncu naloge pa so pripravljeni osnovni
hidrološki in geološki podatki za idejno zasnovo zadrževalnika na reki Horjulki.
Ti podatki so lahko osnova za nadaljevanje in pisanje diplomske naloge.
Ključne besede: vodni
zadrževalnik, mala pregrada, jezovna zgradba, poplavna zaščita, preliv, povodje,
varnostno nadvišanje, kamnita zložba, drenaža v pregradi
Abstract
Small water reservoirs with small dams are hydraulic structures for
containment or temporarily accumulating water. Their task is to ensure flood
safety in the emergence of longer rainfall and consequently markedly increased
flow and possible flood wave. Use of small reservoirs is convenient in a sense
that we are more flexible with setting it up, by taking up a smaller area and
with mainly to solve problems on a limited scale surface and locally. My goal in
this seminar is to present basic information on small dams. Beginning with
definition of what small dams are and what are the key parameters that set them
apart from large dams. Followed with an overview of the types of small dams. In
the main part of the work I dedicate writing to the technical aspects of the
design of homogeneous and zoned small dams. What are criterias for each stage of
construction and what criterias should be taken into account. Starting with
criteria for the compaction of ground and layers of soil in a dam, sealing
techniques with impermeable materials, the criteria for preventing seepage and
internal erosion in small dams. Continue with drainage system and explaination
of the concept and criteria on freeboard. I write also about upstream and
downstream slope protection of the embankment earthfill dams against waves and
heavy rainfall. Importance of formation and dimensions of a crown of small dams
is also crucial. I conclude with basic information, basic hydrological and
geological data for the conceptual design of the reservoir on the river
Horjulka. These data might be basic input data for continuation with this work
into the thesis.
Key words:
reservoir, small dam, embankment earthfill dam,
spillway, flood protection, slope protection, drainage, freeboard, riprap
protection, basin
ČAD Luka:
Vplivi proizvodnje sladkorja iz sladkorne pese na okolje s poudarkom na odpadnih
vodah ter metodah čiščenja le teh
Mentor:
doc. dr. Darko Drev
zagovor: julij 2016
Povzetek
Sladkor se kot proizvodna dobrina v
našem vsakdanjiku uporablja v enormnih količinah kot ena glavnih surovin v
prehrambni industriji in pri proizvodnji pijač. V naši prehrani je od nekdaj
poveličan kot nekaj slastnega, kot priboljšek, nagrada, nekaj kar nam daje
energijo in nas poživlja. V zadnjem času se začenjamo zavedati negativnih
učinkov pretirane uporabe na zdravje, medtem ko se redko vprašamo, kako sladkor
nastane in kakšne vplive ima na okolje. Na eni strani proizvodnja sladkorja
prinaša razvoj v mnogih revnih državah z zaposlovanjem in velikimi zaslužki, a
ob dobičkih multinacionalk, ki igrajo glavno vlogo pri proizvodnji skoraj 145
ton sladkorja na letni ravni, se negativnih posledic v okolju ne sme zanemariti.
V seminarju podajam vpogled na industrijske procese pridobivanja sladkorja iz
sladkorne pese, predmetne bistvene vplive na okolje, kjer kot glavnega
izpostavljam posledice izpusta v vode in predstavljam metode anaerobnega in
aerobnega čiščenja odpadnih vod sladkorne industrije.
Ključne besede:
Abstract
Sugar as product in our every day’s life’s been consumed in enormous
quantities as one of main resources in food and drink industry. In our food
consumption sugar is from always glorified as something special, delicious, the
treat, something which gives us energy and revitalizes. Finally, we are starting
to realize the negative effects of excessive use, which has been founded very
unhealthy, but most of people do not give second thought to where or how it is
produced and what kind of impacts brings its production on the environment. From
one point of view the production of sugar brings development to many poor
countries by producing employment and reliable incomes for many, but on the
other hand the profits of multinational companies that play a major role in the
production of nearly 145 tons of sugar each year, the negative consequences in
the environment should not be ignored. The seminar I’m giving you my explanation
of the industrial processes of sugar production from sugar beet, objective
significant environmental impacts, where I pointed the main consequences of
discharge into the water and present methods of anaerobic and aerobic wastewater
treatment of sugar industry wastewater.
Key words:
STRUPEH Aleš:
Možnosti ravnanja odvečnega blata iz čistilne naprave
Mentor:
doc. dr. Darko Drev
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
V nalogi bom predstavil postopke
ravnanja z blatom. Ti postopki so regulirani s strani zakonodajalca, zato bom
najprej pregledal aktualne uredbe, ki se direktno in indirektno nanašajo na
ravnanja z blatom. V nadaljevanju bom opisal vrste in sestave ter možnosti
obdelave odvečnega blata iz čistilne naprave.
Ključne besede:
Abstract
In this thesis i will present possible treatment processes of sludge
from wastewater treatment plant. Treatment processes are regulated by the
legislation body, therefore i overview latest regulations that directly and
indirectly involves sludge treatment. Then i will discribe possible treatment
processes of sludge.
Key words:
RAKANOVIĆ Dragana:
Raziskava nastajanja in ravnanja z odpadki na obratu X
Mentor: doc. dr. Darko Drev
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Odpadki nastajajo kot posledica
dejavnosti ljudi in kot taki onesnažujejo in ogrožajo vse sfere okolja ter
poslabšujejo življenjske pogoje za vsa živa bitja. Države sprejemajo vedno
strožjo okoljevarstveno politiko, ki nalaga odgovornejše ravnanje z odpadki.
Cilj je preprečevati odpadke in ponovna uporaba le-teh z namenom zmanjšati
količino na odlagališčih in zmanjšati uporabo naravnih virov in negativnih
vplivov na okolje. Tudi v podjetju X se trudijo zadostiti zahtevam zakonodaje,
zato vodijo aktivno okoljsko politiko s številnimi uspešnimi aktivnostmi za
varovanje okolja. Na začetku naloge pišemo splošno o odpadkih in zakonodaji na
področju ravnanja z odpadki. Sledi predstavitev podjetja X in odpadkov, ki
nastajajo v podjetju X, na obratu Y.
Ključne besede: odpadki,
ravnanje z odpadki, varovanje okolja
Abstract
Wastes are generated as a result of human activity and as such pollute
and threaten all spheres of environment and worsening living conditions for all
living creatures. Countries are adopting stricter environmental policies, which
imposes more responsible waste management. The aim is to prevent waste and
re-use them in order to reduce the amount of it in landfills and reduce the use
of natural resources and the negative impacts on the environment. In company X
they try to meet the requirements of the legislation, so they keep an active
environmental policy by number of successful operations to protect the
environment. At the beginning of our task we write about waste and waste
management legislation in general. In continuation we present the Company X and
waste that are generated in Company X and Plant Y.
Key words:
waste, waste management, protection of the environment
HUMERCA Gabrijela:
Ločevanje, zbiranje, čiščenje in ponovna uporaba različnih vod v stanovanjskih
hišah
Mentor: doc. dr. Darko Drev
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Voda je življene. Stavek, ki ga
velikokrat slišimo, vendar ali se ga res zavedamo. V času rasti svetovne
populacije, postaja problem izkoriščanja vode izredno kompleksen. Varčevanje z
vodo že dolgo ne pomeni več samo zapiranje pipe, medtem ko si umivamo zobe.
Pomembnost te naravne dobrine nas vedno bolj sili k iskanju novih rešitev
pridobivanja, varčevanja, izkoriščanja in ponovne uporabe. Večina gospodinjstev
v Sloveniji je priklopljenih na javni vodovod in tako dobijo čisto, neoporečno
pitno vodo kar preko javnega omrežja. Žal se ta voda uporablja tudi za opravila,
ki ne bi potrebovala tako obsežne obdelave. Eden od alternativnih virov vode v
gospodinjstvu je lahko deževnica. Odličen vir vode, ki ga z zelo malo obdelave
lahko izkoristimo za zalivanje vrta, pranje avtomobila, v primeru vzpostavitve
ustreznega sistema pa tudi za splakovanje stranišč, pranje perila. S primerno
obdelavo je lahko celo ustrezen vir pitne vode. Prav tako lahko zmanjšamo porabo
kvalitetne pitne vode, s ponovno uporabo odpadne vode. Predvsem tu imajo razvite
države še veliko možnosti napredka. Sistemi za ponovno uporabo vode, predvsem
sive, lahko z različnimi tehnologijami in metodami ravno tako zagotovijo vodo
ustrezne kvalitete za različna opravila (splakovanje stranišč, pranje
avtomobila) ali vsaj za zalivanje vrta. V državi, kjer zaenkrat še nimamo
problema z oskrbo prebivalstva s pitno vodo, pridejo v poštev bolj enostavni
sistemi, z manjšim finančnim vložkom, ki uporabniku vseeno znižajo stroške in
nenazadnje ohranjajo naravne vire.
Ključne besede: pitna voda,
odpadna voda, deževnica, ponovna uporaba vode
Abstract
Water is life. But what does this well-known phrase actually mean?
Exploitation of water is extremely complex, especially now in the times of ever
growing world population. Closing the tap while you are brushing your teeth,
simply just isn't good enough any more. We are at the point when we have to find
new solutions for saving, exploitation and reuse of water. Most households in
Slovenia are connected to public water network, which provides them with clean,
safe drinking water. Unfortunately, this water is also used for tasks that don't
need such extensive treatment. and water of this quality. An alternative
household water source can be rainwater, which needs almost no treatment and is
excellent for watering the garden or washing the car. With installing proper
harvesting/treatment/and distribution system it can also be used for flushing
toilets or washing clothes. With proper treatment it can even serve as a source
of potable water. Another way of reducing consumption of high quality drinking
water is reusing waste water. Even in the developed countries there is still
room for improvement in this areas. Systems for the reuse of waste water, grey
water in particular, can ensure adequate water quality for various household
tasks (toilet flushing, car washing) or at least watering the garden. In
Slovenia, where water is still in abundance, people tend to use simple,
inexpensive water systems to reduce household water costs and conserve natural
resources.
Key words:
Potable water, waste water, rainwater, water reuse
UMEK Andrej:
Porušitve zemeljskih pregrad
Mentor: prof. dr. Matjaž Četina
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Seminarska naloga opisuje zemeljske
pregrade in njihove porušitve. V prvem delu bo opisana poglavitna literatura, ki
je bila predelana pri seminarju. V drugem delu so opisane teoretične osnove, ki
so potrebne za razumevanje vzrokov porušitev pregrad. Na kratko so opisane
pregrade in njihova delitev po različnih kriterijih. Prikazane bodo enačbe za
preračun porušitvenih valov in predstavljene metode, ki omogočajo njihovo
reševanje. V osrednjem delu je na kratko povzeta zgodovina zemeljskih pregrad.
Našteti in opisani so glavni vzroki za porušitev pregrad in predstavljeni
nekateri primeri iz zgodovine porušitev, ki so pustili najhujše posledice.
Opisana je organizacija ICOLD, ki predstavlja krovno mednarodno organizacijo na
področju pregrad, in namen njenega delovanja. Ena od glavnih dejavnosti ICOLD-a
je vzpostavljanje baze o pregradah, ki se imenuje svetovni register velikih
pregrad. Predstavljeno je tudi društvo SLOCOLD, ki je slovenska nacionalna
organizacija, ki deluje na področju pregrad. V Sloveniji imamo 21 zemeljskih
velikih pregrad, od katerih je nekaj večjih v nalogi tudi podrobneje opisanih. V
nadaljevanju seminar opisuje statistične podatke porušitev iz preteklosti.
Predstavljen in opisan je sistem podajanja ocene tveganja skupaj z analizo in
vrednotenjem tveganja. Opisan je monitoring in pomen vzdrževanja pregrad. Za
konec osrednjega dela so predstavljeni rezultati raziskovalno – projektne
naloge, ki opisuje stanje pregrad v Sloveniji in podani zaključki.
Ključne besede: Hidravlika,
zemeljska pregrada, porušitev, ICOLD, SLOCOLD, ocena tveganja
Abstract
A seminar work describes the Earth Dams and their failures. In the
first part will be described the main literature which have been processed in
the seminar work. The second part describes the theoretical background, which is
necessary for understanding causes of the dam failures. The Section briefly
describes dams and their division according to different criteria. Main
Equations for calculating of waves and solution methods are also presented. In
the central part a summarized history of earth dams is given. Listed and
described are main causes for the failures of dams, followed by some examples of
failures in history, which left the worst consequences. The organisation ICOLD,
which is the main international organisation in the field of dams and the
purpose of their operation. One of the main activities of the ICOLD it is also
creating a review book of existing, which is called The World Register of Large
Dams. The association SLOCOLD, which is the Slovenian national organisation on
large dams and works in the field of the dams is also presented. In Slovenia we
have 21 large earth dams, which are listed in the seminar work and some of them
are also described more into detail. In the following document describes
statistical data of dam failures of the past. Presented and described is the
system of risk assessment, including risk analysis and risk evaluation. The
importance of monitoring and maintenance of dams is also described. The result
of the research project VODPREG that describes the status of dams in Slovenia
are presented.
Key words:
Hydraulics, Earth Dam, failure, ICOLD , SLOCOLD , risk assessment
PILTAVER Jaka:
Metodologija določanja poplavnih območij v skladu z evropsko direktivo
Mentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Poplave so najpogostejše naravne
katastrofe v Evropi. Zaradi klimatskih sprememb je pričakovati, da bodo poplave
v bodoče še pogostejše in silovitejše. V zadnjih desetletjih je bilo
ugotovljeno, da poplave povzročajo večjo škodo, kljub temu, da je bilo ogromno
sredstev namenjenih protipoplavni zaščiti, vzroke za to gre iskati v
družbeno-ekonomskem razvoju in neprimernem prostorskem načrtovanju. Evropska
Unija je 23. oktobra 2007 sprejela Direktivo Evropskega parlamenta in Evropskega
sveta o oceni in obvladovanju poplavne ogroženosti, imenovan kar Poplavna
direktiva (Direktiva o oceni in obvladovanju poplavne ogroženosti, 60/2007/ES).
Temeljni cilj te direktive je zmanjševanje škodljivih posledic poplav, s pomočjo
enotno izdelanih poplavnih kart, kart poplavne nevarnosti in kart poplavne
ogroženosti. V seminarski nalogi je v predstavljena metodologija določanja
poplavnih območij in izdelava kart poplavne nevarnosti ter kart poplavne
ogroženosti v skladu s pravili in smernicami, ki jih določa Direktiva
60/2007/ES. Na primeru dobrih praks iz tujine je predstavljenih nekaj
poglobljenih metodologij določanja poplavne nevarnosti ter škodnega potenciala.
Ključne besede: poplave,
poplavne karte, karte poplavne nevarnosti, karte poplavne ogroženosti,
ranljivost, škodni potencial
Abstract
Floods are most frequent natural disasters in Europe. It is
expected that the number of floods and flood damage will further increase due to
climate changes. Finding show that in the last decade floods caused larger
damage although a lot of assets were given to flood protection. This was most
probably caused by the socio-economic development and inappropriate spatial
planning.
On October 23th 2007 Union Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood
risks often referred to as the 'Floods' Directive, came into force. The purpose
of this Directive is to establish a framework for the assessment and management
of flood risks, aiming at the reduction of the adverse consequences. Methodology
of flood risk assessment areas and production of flood hazard and flood risk
maps in accordance with Floods Directive is presented in seminar theme.
On a case study basis of good practices from abroad some methodologies of
assessment of flood hazard and damage potential is further presented.
Key words: floods,
flood maps, flood hazard maps, flood risk maps, vulnerability, damage potential
BLAŽIČ Aleš:
Ribji prehodi
Mentor: prof. dr. Matjaž Mikoš
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Zaradi naraščujočega števila
jezovnih zgradb in pregrad, zgrajenih za pridobivanje energije, reguliranje
pretoka, oskrbo s pitno vodo in namakanje, je veliko evropskih rek postalo
neprehodnih za ribje vrste, ki v različnih fazah življenjskega cikla migrirajo
gorvodno in/ali dolvodno. Veliko migracij je ključnih za obstanek vrste, saj so
tesno povezane z reprodukcijo. Ribji prehodi omilijo negativen vpliv, ki ga
povzročajo vodne zgradbe. Nudijo pomoč ribam pri premagovanju vodnih ovir, še
vedno pa občutno vplivajo na spremenjene vodne razmere gorvodno, do koder seže
vpliv zajezitve. Seminar opisuje ribje vrste in njihove potrebe glede vodnega
okolja, ter spremembe, ki jih povzročajo vodne zgradbe. Navedene so vrste ribjih
prehodov, ki so najpogosteje uporabljene v Evropi, opisan je princip delovanja,
osnove dimenzioniranja in splošna ocena prednosti in slabosti določene vrste
prehoda.
Ključne besede: ribji
prehodi, vodne zgradbe, drst, migracije, prehodnost vodnih organizmov,
neprekinjenost vodnih poti
Abstract
Due to increasing number of weirs and dams, built for power generation,
flow regulation, water supply and irrigation, many European rivers had become
impassable for fish species, that need to migrate upstream and/or downstream in
various stages of their life cycle. Many of these migrations are crutial for the
survival of the species, since they are closely related to reproduction. Fish
passes limit the damage that these barriers constitute. They offer help for fish
to overcome the barrier, but still they reasonably alternate the water course
upstream, where the impounded area has its effects. The coursework describes the
fish species and their needs in terms of aquatic environment and the effects
caused by hydraulic structures. Types of commonly used fish passes in Europe are
enlisted, the description of principles of functioning, fundamentals of design
and overall assessment of strengths and weaknesses of various types of passes.
Key words:
fish passes, hydraulic structures, spawning, migration, free passage,
longitudinal connectivity
MUZICA Maja: Računanje stabilnosti različnih vrst
hudourniških pregrad
Mentor: doc. dr.
Andrej Kryžanowski
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Osnovni namen seminarske naloge je
bil pregled dosegljive literature s področja načrtovanja in preverjanja
stabilnosti hudourniških pregrad ter s tem razširitev znanja, pridobljenega
tekom študija. Osnovo za delo sta predstavljala Inženirski priročnik za
reševanje problemov s področja hudourništva iz leta 1975 (v srbohrvaščini) in
novejša knjiga o geotehniki pregrad (v angleškem jeziku). V seminarju smo
obdelali dva najpogostejša tip hudourniških pregrad: težnostne in ločne s
poudarkom na prodnih hudourniških armiranobetonskih pregradah, navedli nekaj
najpogostejših metod za določanje njihovih dimenzij in bolj podrobno obdelali
kritične kontrole za preverjanje stabilnosti takšnih objektov (prevrnitev
pregrade, napetosti v temeljnih tleh in nosilnost, preverjanje napetosti v
telesu pregrade, poseben poudarek je bil na varnosti proti zdrsu, ki je običajno
kritičen pri težnostnih pregradah). Ker se v praksi za načrtovanje malih
pregradnih objektov uporabljajo postopki za podporne konstrukcije, smo v
seminarju izvedli primerjavo med kontrolami stabilnosti, predpisanimi z
geotehničnim standardom Eurocode 7 za podporne konstrukcije in postopki, ki se
uporabljajo pri načrtovanju velikih (zadrževalnih) pregrad. Poudariti velja, da
za načrtovanje pregradnih objektov ne obstaja splošen standard, podane so le
smernice za projektiranje takšnih objektov. V osnovi so postopki v EC-7 in
hidrotehnični praksi podobni (fizikalno ozadje je seveda enako), razlikuje se
predvsem pri faktoriranju (Eurocode uporablja koncept parcialnih varnostnih
faktorjev, medtem ko se v hidrotehnični praksi uporablja koncept globalne
varnosti).
Ključne besede: Hudourniške
pregrade, ločne pregrade, prodne pregrade, težnostne pregrade, stabilnost, zdrs,
prevrnitev, napetosti
Abstract
The main objective of this seminar was to expand the knowledge
gained during regular university courses by review of available literature for
the design and stability control of check dams. Engineering manual for solving
problems in the field of torrent and erosion control (published in year 1975 in
Serbo-croatian language) and newer book on geotechnical engineering of dams (in
English language) formed a base for the work. Two most common types of check
dams were examined in the seminar: gravity and arch dams with a special accent
on the sediment retention dams made of reinforced concrete. Also some most
common methods for deriving dimensions of such dams are listed, followed by
detailed review of critical stability controls (rotation of the dam as a rigid
body, stress in foundation medium and its bearing capacity, checking stress
state of a dam body, a special attention was paid to the safety against lateral
translation of the dam due to exhausted shear strength at the contact of dam /
foundation medium or inside foundation medium). Since controls for geotechnical
retention structures are commonly used in the design of check dams, a comparison
of stability controls between geotechnical standard Eurocode 7 and controls
required for high dams was made. It should be stressed at this point that an
appropriate standard for dam design does not exist and only guidelines from
different sources can be obtained. Basically are controls given in EC-7 and in
hydro engineering praxis similar (they have same background in terms of
physics), the major difference found was application of safety factors: Eurocode
utilizes a concept of a partial safety factors applied to the loads and
resistances, while in hydro engineering the global safety factor concept is
broadly used.
Key words:
Check dams, arch dams, sediment retention dams, gravity dams,
stability, slide, lateral translation, rotation of a rigid body, stresses
MATJAŠIČ Viktor:
Čiščenje in odvajanje odpadnih voda na območjih do 2000 PE
Mentor: doc. dr. Darko Drev
Somentor:asist. dr. Mario Krzyk
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Seminarska naloga predstavi
možnosti čiščenja na območjih do 2000 populacijskih ekvivalentov, ali tako
imenovana območja z razpršeno poselitvijo. V uvodnem delu je opisana
problematika razpršene poselitve in zakonske zahteve za reševanje problema
čiščenja odpadnih voda na teh območjih. V nadaljevanju so opisani evropski in
slovenski zakonski predpisi, kateri določajo načine ravnanja z odpadno vodo.
Predstavljena je sestava odpadne vode in parametri, ki določajo načine in
tehnološke postopke čiščenja. Na voljo imamo več različnih tehnoloških
postopkov, ki so razdeljeni v štiri skupine: mehanske in delno biološke čistilne
naprave (greznice, Imhoff usedalnik, ponikovalni vodi in filterski jarki),
naravni sistemi čiščenja (lagune in rastlinske čistilne naprave – RČN), čistilne
naprave z lebdečo biomaso (kontinuirana čistilna naprava z aktivnim blatom,
sekvenčni biološki reaktor – SBR, membranski biološki reaktor - MBR) in čistilne
naprave s pritrjeno biomaso (precejalniki, biodiski in reaktor s plavajočimi
nosilci biomase - MBBR). Med temi tehnologijami čiščenja moramo poiskati najbolj
optimalno rešitev čiščenja odpadne vode, glede na zahteve vsakega posameznika.
Za lažji izbor so v zadnjem delu predstavljene prednosti in slabosti posameznih
tehnoloških postopkov in ekonomska primerjava stroškov. Na koncu seminarske
naloge je zbranih tudi nekaj ponudnikov malih čistilnih naprav na slovenskem
trgu.
Ključne besede: čiščenje
odpadnih voda, do 2000 PE, zakonodaja, male čistilne naprave, načini čiščenja
odpadnih voda, slovenski trg
Abstract
Research project presents the possibility of cleaning
wastewater in areas to 2000 PU or so-called areas with dispersd settlement. The
introductory section deals with the problem of dispersion of settlement and
legal requirements for solving the problem of wastewater treatment in these
areas. Research project further describes European and Slovinian legally adopted
regulations, which need to be considerd in the management of wastewater. The
wastewater is represented by its composition and parameters, which define the
methods and technological processes for cleaning. We have several different
technological processes, wich are divided into four groups: mechanical and
partly biological treatment plant (septic tanks, Imhoff´s seetling tank, leach
fields, water filter ditches), natural cleaning systems (lagoons and wetlands),
wastewater treatment plants with floating biomass (continuous treatment plant
with activated sludge, Sequencing Batch Reactor – SBR, Membrane Bioreactor –
MBR) and wastewater treatment plants with fixed biomass (strainer, biodisc,
Moving Bed Biofilm Bioreactor – MBBR). Among these purification technologies we
need to find the most optimal solution to wastewater tratment, which depends on
the requirements of each individual. For the appropriate selection the last part
presents the advantages an disadvantages of different technological processes
and economic comparison of the costs. At the end of the seminar paper is a list
of some providers of small wastewater treatment plants on the Slovinian market.
Key words:
wastewater treatment, to 2000 PU, legislation, small wastewater
treatment plants, wastewater treatment methods, Slovinian market
KLAČNIK Jasmina: Uporaba rastlinskih
čistilnih naprav na slovenskih planinah in v visokogorju
Mentor: doc. dr.
Darko Drev
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Seminarsko nalogo sem namenila
iskanju planinskih postojank v Sloveniji, ki za čiščenje svojih odpadnih voda
uporabljajo rastlinsko čistilno napravo. Najprej sem opisala splošne lastnosti
rastlinskih čistilnih naprav in njihove posebnosti v alpskem svetu, v
nadaljevanju pa tipe, izgradnjo in njihovo delovanje. Nato sem se posvetila
močvirskim rastlinam, ki so lahko za gorski svet drugačne, kot se jih uporablja
v nižinah. Predvsem je pomembno, da se pri rastlinskih čistilnih napravah
uporabljajo rastline, ki že same rastejo v okolici ali pa v enakih razmerah.
Glavni vzrok nastajanja odpadnih voda v alpskem svetu je gradnja planinskih
postojank, katerih največji namen je nudenje planincem osnovnih dobrin (hrana,
stranišče, prenočitev). Trenutno je na uradnem seznamu Planinske zveze Slovenije
178 koč, zavetišč in bivakov, vendar zaradi različnih razlogov to niso vsi
objekti v slovenskih gorah. Natančneje sem se posvetila štirim rastlinskim
čistilnim napravam v Sloveniji. Največ njihovih podatkov sem pridobila osebno od
dveh podjetij (Limnos d.o.o., Liviplant d.o.o.), ki sta tri od obravnavanih
naprav zgradili, in od treh upravljavcev (Komunala d.o.o. Sevnica, g. Janez
Kosmač PD Žiri, g. Zdenko Purnat PD Gornji Grad), ki sedaj upravljajo tri od
obravnavanih naprav. Podatke o kočah sem pridobila na spletnih straneh PZS. Kot
zanimivost gradnje rastlinskih čistilnih naprav na nadmorski višini 2000 m, sem
dodala še dve uspešno delujoči tovrstni napravi v Alpah v tujini.
Ključne besede: rastlinska
čistilna naprava, odpadna voda, visokogorje, planinska koča
Abstract
Key words:
LANG Maja: Presoja poplavne nevarnosti v
območjih poselitve zaradi zalednih voda
Mentor: prof. dr.
Franci Steinman
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Naravna nesreča je posledica delovanja naravnega pojava. V
Sloveniji so med najbolj pogostimi poplave, katere vsako leto povzročijo veliko
škodo. Med različnimi vrstami poplav poznamo tudi poplave, ki se pojavijo zaradi
zalednih voda. Zaledne vode so vode, ki se zbirajo izven obravnavanega območja
in iz zalednih površin dotekajo razpršeno na obravnavano območje. Popolna
zaščita pred poplavami je praktično in ekonomsko neizvedljiva, lahko pa s
pravimi protipoplavnimi ukrepi v precejšni meri preprečimo škodo in zmanjšamo
ogroženost prebivalcev na tem območju. Glavno vlogo pri poplavah obravnavanega
območja igra odvodnjavanje. Odtok iz naselja je možen tako po kanalizacijskih
sistemih, kot odtok v mrežo vodotokov ali pa kot razpršen odtok. Eden izmed
protipoplavnih ukrepov je tako pravilna postavitev in dimenzioniranje odtokov,
kar je mogoče izračunati na različne načine. Eden izmed njih je s programom
Hec-Hms, kateri je predstavljen v seminarski nalogi. Na primeru naselja Podgrad,
ki se nahaja na vzhodnem delu obrobja Ljubljane in leži v kotlini med dvema
hriboma, s katerih se ob intenzivnih kratkotrajnih padavinah stekajo zaledne
vode, so predstavljeni tudi različni protipoplavni ukrepi.
Ključne besede:
Abstract
Natural disasters are a result of natural phenomena. One of the
most common natural disaster in Slovenia are floods which cause a lot of damage
every year. Among different types of floods we know there are floods caused by
background waters. Background waters are waters that are accumulated outside of
the observed area and are flowing from the background areas to the observed area
in a dispersed flow. Complete protection against floods is practically and
economically unachievable but with correct anti-flood measures the damage and
risk to the inhabitants can be reduced. The main role in flooding of the
observed area has the drainage system. Drainage of a settlement is possible
using the sewerage systems, using the existing watercourse systems or as a
dispersed drain. As an anti-flooding measure correct placement and sizing of
drains is very important and can be calculated in different ways. On of them is
by using software package Hec-Hms which is presented in this term paper. With an
example of settlement Podgrad which is located just east of Ljubljana in a basin
between two hills from which during intense rain periods the water flows towards
the settlement different anti-flood measures are presented as well.
Key words:
GROZINA Ingrid: Analiza razpoložljivosti in raba vode
na vodnem območju Donave v Sloveniji
Mentor: prof. dr.
Franci Steinman
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
S sprejetjem vodne direktive smo se zavezali k trajnostni rabi
vodnih virov in preprečevanju slabšanja stanja voda. Z načrtom upravljanja voda
so bili postavljeni temelji za dosego dobrega stanja voda. Za analizo
razpoložljivosti in rabe voda je treba določiti trenutno stanje vodnih območij,
kar nam omogoči podlago za nadaljnje analize.
Ključne besede: vodna
direktiva, načrt upravljanja voda, vodna bilanca, raba vode
Abstract
We adopted the Water Framework Directive, therefore we are
committed to the sustainable use of water resources. It is also necessary to
prevent the deterioration of the water. River basin management plan sets the
foundation for achieving appropriate quality of water. When analyzing the
availability and use of water it is necessary to determine the current
conditions of water areas for further analyses.
Key words:
Water Framework Directive, river basin management plan, water balance,
water use
GREGORIČ Elio: Razsoljevanje
Mentor:
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Zaradi večanja svetovne populacije in razvoja se potrebe po
pitni vodi večajo. Ker so viri sladke vode omejeni ali že močno izkoriščeni, je
ponekod potrebno zagotoviti pitno vodo iz drugih virov. V seminarju so
predstavljene metode za pridobivanje pitne vode iz morja ali brakičnih voda s
tehnologijami razsoljevanja. Na začetku so opredeljene vrste vode, kemične in
fizikalne lastnosti standardne morske vode. Sledi predstavitev tehnologij,
najprej so predstavljene termične tehnologije kot večfazna ravnotežna
destilacija (MSF), s katero je na svetu pridelane največ vode, nato
večstopenjska destilacija (MED) in kompresija pare (VC). Za izbrane naprave so
podani tudi podatki o njihovi učinkovitosti in proizvodnih kapacitetah. Večji
del seminarja je namenjen membranskim tehnologijam, pretežno povratni osmozi,
principu delovanja, možnim materialom in tehnologijam izdelave membran. Tudi za
reverzno osmozo so prikazani primeri naprav in izračuni ekonomske učinkovitosti.
Da bi sledili sodobnim tehnologijam, so v seminar vključene tudi možne
kombinacije tehnologij razsoljevanja z obnovljivimi viri energije. Sončno
energijo je mogoče izkoristiti v obliki direktnega sevanja v membranski
destilaciji ali za poganjanje povratne osmoze preko fotovoltaičnih modulov.
Možna je tudi uporaba vetrne elektrarne ali energije, pridobljene iz morja, iz
valovanja ali plimovanja, za direktno delo ali poganjanje reverzne osmoze preko
proizvedene električne energije. V zaključku je prikazana hitra rast novih
tehnologij in projekcija rasti za prihodnja desetletja.
Ključne besede:
Razsoljevanje, Reverzna osmoza, MSF, MED, MVC, Solarna destilacija
Abstract
Population growth demands constant
increase in drinkable water production, alot of developing countries has a
deficiency in fresh water so they have to tap in alternative water sources. This
paper presents is an overview of desalinating technologies that provide the
possibility to produce fresh water from sea or brackish water. First chapter is
dedicated to water classification according to chemical composition and solids
content. The overview starts with thermal technologies, Multi-Stage Flash Units
(MSF), Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) and Mechanical Vapour Compression
(MVC). The growth of production for each technology with a list of selected
plants and their production capacity are presented. A substantial part is
dedicated to membrane technologies, mainly to reverse osmosis. Membrane
materials and types are described for all membrane technologies as
Microfiltration, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration and Reverse osmosis. An
economical comparison of the systems is also included. Last section of the paper
presents novel processes which use renewable energies for fresh water
production. From the solar still evaporators, to more complex systems to harness
energy from the sun, wind, tides, waves to produce electricity to run reverse
osmosis. The conclusion shows the incredible growth of desalination plants all
over the world and the current trend predicts even steeper growth.
Key words:
Desalination, Reverse osmosis, MSF, MED, MVC, Solar distillation
CILENŠEK Jernej: Zaščita pred vodnimi ujmami –
mobilna protipoplavna zaščita
Mentor:
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: junij 2016
Povzetek
Vodne ujme so del naravnih katastrof, ki vsako leto prizadenejo veliko
število ljudi in s tem povezanih okoljskih dejavnikov, ki so nujno potrebni za
življenje. Da je škoda čim manjša, je potrebno te pojave kolikor se da natančno
predvideti in se na njih ustrezno pripraviti (protipoplavni ukrepi, visokovodni
nasipi, hidravlični objekti itd.). Seveda pa ti protipoplavni ukrepi povsod niso
mogoči, poleg tega nas lahko vodna ujma tudi na hitro preseneti. Zato je
potrebno, za varovanje naših dobrin, poiskati tudi druge protipoplavne ukrepe,
tako imenovane začasne oziroma mobilne protipoplavne objekte. V nadaljevanju
seminarske naloge vam bom predstavil nekaj različnih tipov mobilnih
protipoplavnih zaščit. Kriterijev za ustreznost mobilne protipoplavne zaščite je
več. Najpomembnejši je vsekakor čas postavitve. V primeru, da nas vodna ujma
preseneti, je vsekakor potrebno, da čim hitreje postavimo protipoplavni objekt
in s tem zmanjšamo škodo, ki bi drugače nastala. Drugi najpomembnejši kriterij
je število potrebnih ljudi za postavitev. Vsi vemo, da je število dosegljivih
ljudi, za postavljanje zaščite, omejeno. Pri reševanju večjih površin priskočijo
na pomoč predvsem gasilci, medtem ko pri individualni gradnji lahko takšen
objekt postavijo predvsem družinski člani ogrožene površine. Torej delovne sile
ni vedno na voljo v neomejenih količinah.
Ključne besede: nasipi,
visokovodni nasipi, vodna ujma, poplava, mobilna protipoplavna zaščita, začasna
poplavna zaščita
Abstract
Floods are just a part of natural
disasters, which happen every year and they hurt a lot of people and do a lot of
damage to our nature. To prevent the damage they cause we need to predict them
as fast and precisely as possible and we need to prepare to them as good as
possible (flood barriers, flood mound). The biggest problem is, that the flood
can come very fast, and we do not have time to prepare for it. If that happens
we all need to have some other solutions. In that case we can search for mobile
flood protections. In my seminar I will represent you some different types of
mobile flood protections. There are more criteria of choosing the right mobile
flood protection. The most important is definitely the time layout. When the
flood comes we need to react and built flood protection as fast as possible to
prevent the damage. The second one is workforce or how many people we need to
build the flood protection. In most cases we can rely on firemen but they do not
come in unlimited forces. So we have to choose a system that requires less
people to build it. The third one are the costs. In that cases, cost should not
be criteria, but unfortunately they are. In cost we have to count purchase
price, costs of installation, storage, durability – amortization.
Key words:
flood, flood damage, flood waters, mobile flood protection, temporary
flood protection
ŽIBERT Tomaž: Preučevanja globalnega
segrevanja in kritičnost do uradno sprejetih stališč
Mentor:
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Somentor: doc. dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: maj 2016
Povzetek
Temperatura ozračja in površja sta se spreminjali skozi celotno
zgodovino, v zadnjih letih in desetletjih pa se po podatkih Združenih narodov
človeštvo sooča z nepredvidljivimi posledicami globalnega segrevanja. Seminarska
naloga se osredotoča na temperaturne spremembe na Zemlji, zgodovino preučevanja
raziskovanja in meritev sprememb ter na razlike med argumenti uradno sprejetega
modela IPCC Združenih narodov in argumenti znanstvenikov, ki modelu
nasprotujejo. Povečan človekov vpliv na segrevanje se je začel z industrijsko
revolucijo v 18. stoletju in množično uporabo premoga za poganjanje parnih
strojev. Premog so skozi stoletja nadomestila druga fosilna goriva in z
globalnim razvojem industrije se je povečal izpust toplogrednih plinov, ki z
absorpcijo sončne svetlobe dodatno segrevajo ozračje. Analize IPCC temeljijo na
podatkih pridobljeni z merilnimi postajami na Zemlji, s sateliti, preučevanjem
usedlin v ledu, itd. Napovedi so povišanje temperature, zviševanje gladin morij
in ekstremno vreme, kar bo vodilo v velike globalne družbene spremembe. Kritiki
modelu očitajo, da dejansko ni možno določiti temperature v preteklosti (vzorci
ledu in biomase so preveč nezanesljivi), da se izmenjujejo hladne in tople dobe,
da model ne upošteva gibanja zemeljske osi, sončnih peg, itd. Nasprotujejo
trditvi, da so antropogeni vplivi najbolj zaslužni za globalno segrevanje. V
zadnjih tisočletjih so se že dogajale velike spremembe, katerim se je človek
prilagajal (način življenja, migracije), a za njih ni mogel biti kriv.
Ključne besede: segrevanje
Zemlje, toplogredni plini, podnebne spremembe, climategate
Abstract
The temperature of air and surface
have been changing throughout history, but in the past years and decades
humanity, according to United nations, is facing consequences of global warming.
The seminar paper is focused on temperature changes on Earth, research history
and measurment of change and on changes between the official IPCC model and
arguments of scientists that oppose the model. Increased human footprint on
warming started wih the industrial revolution in the 18. century with widespread
coal use for powering steam engines. Throughout centuries coal has been replaced
by other fossil fuels. With the industrial revolution emissions of greenhouse
gases, which by absorbing Sun's heat add to global warming, increased. IPCC
analysis are based on data acquired with measurment stations on Earth,
satellites, by studying ice cores, and so on. The forecasts are higher
temperatures, rising sea levels and extreme weather, which will lead to great
global societal change. Critics argue that it is impossible to determine
temperature in the past (ice core and biomass samples are not reliable), cold
and warm periods have always been exchanging. Models don't include motion of
Earths axis, sunspots and so on. They oppose the statement that anthropogical
influences are mostly to blame for global warming. In the past thousands of
years great changes have occured to which man has adapted (way of life,
migration) but was not guilty of.
Key words:
warming of Earth, greenhouse gases, climate change, climategate
MRAK Tanja: Vpliv podnebnih sprememb na vodni
režim
Mentor:
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Somentor: doc. dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: maj 2016
Povzetek
Seminarska naloga obravnava
podnebne spremembe in njihove vplive na vodno okolje. Glavne posledice podnebnih
sprememb povezane z vodnimi viri so povišanje temperature vode, spremembe v
vzorcih padavin in snežne oddeje, povišanje pogostosti poplav in suš ter možen
velik vpliv prihodnjega dviga morske gladine. Spremembe v podnebju se torej
posledično odražajo na spremenjenem pretočnem režimu naših rek, slednje pa
vpliva tudi na biotop. Pri slovenskih rekah je opazno povečanje jesenskega viška
vode in zmanjšanje spomladanskega. Glavne komponenete vodne bilance, ki določajo
razpoložljivost vodnih virov, so evapotranspiracija, pretok rek in napajanje
podtalnice. Glavni krivec za njihove spremembe so pa spremembe podnebnih
parametrov, zlasti temperature in padavin. Trendi pretokov so pomembni kazalci
časovne spremenljivosti hidroloških pojavov, saj lahko iz njih sklepamo na
spremembe v hidrološkem režimu in na obnašanje v prihodnosti. Podrobneje je
opisan operativni monitoring vodne bialnce kmetijskih rastlin in pojav kmetijske
suše.
Ključne besede: podnebne
spremembe, vodni viri, vodni režim, poplave, suše
Abstract
Seminar deals with climate change
and its imacts on water environment. The main implications of climate change
related to water resources are increases in water temperature, changes in
precipitation patterns and snow cover, increase in frequency of floods and
droughts and possible major impact of future sea level rise. Changes in climate
consequently reflect the changed flow regime of our rivers, that also has impact
on the biotope. In Slovenian rivers is a noticeable increase in autumn excess
water and reduce in the spring. The main components of the water balance, which
determine the availability of water resources, are evapotranspiration, river
flow and groundwater recharge. The main reason for their changes are changes in
climate parameters, particularly temperature and precipitation. Trends of flows
are important indicators of temporal variability of hydrological phenomena,
because we can infer changes in the hydrological regime and the behavior in the
future. In detail is described the operational monitoring of the water balance
of agricultural crops and agricultural drought phenomenon.
Key words:
climate changes, water resources, water regime, floods, droughts
BABNIK JEGLIČ Katja: Vpliv zajezitev in odvzemov voda
za potrebe hidroenergije na vodni ekosistem
Mentor: prof. dr.
Matjaž Mikoš
Somentor: doc. dr. Nataša Smolar-Žvanut
zagovor: maj 2016
Povzetek
Brez celinskih vodnih ekosistemov
si ne moremo predstavljati življenja in razvoja človeške družbe. Ker je v
zadnjem obdobju razhajanje med ekonomskimi interesi in varovanjem okolja vse
večje, je nujno potrebno poznavanje osnovnih procesov in metabolizma, ki poteka
v teh edinstvenih in na velike spremembe zelo občutljivih okoljih. Hidroenergija
je dolgo veljala za čist obnovljiv vir energije, ki ne povzroča nobenih emisij
toplogrednih plinov in ne obremenjuje ozračja z izgorevanjem fosilnih goriv.
Širši pogled na problematiko razkrije, da je že sama gradnja hidroenergetskega
objekta velik poseg v okolje, ki z nepremišljenim delovanjem na ekosistemih
celinskih voda pušča nepopravljive posledice. Odvzem ali zajezitev vode na vodni
ekosistem poteka v treh fazah in sicer spremenjeno premeščanje plavin,
spremenjen režim pretoka vode in sprememba fizikalno-kemijskih parametrov.
Sledijo spremembe strukture plavin, oblike struge in sprememba v združbi
perifitonskih alg in makrofitov. S takimi posegi se zmanjšuje biodiverziteta
vodne in obvodne flore ter favne.
Ključne besede: vodni krog,
celinski vodni ekosistemi, hidroenergija, zajezitev, odvzem vode, hidrolgija,
morfologija, kemijsko-fizikalne spremembe, favna, flora
Abstract
One cannot imagine life and evolution of human society without
continental water ecosystems. Since the divergence between economic interests
and environment protection is recently growing, it seems essential to understand
the basic processes and the metabolism running in these unique settings which
are very sensitive to big changes. Hydropower has long been considered as a
clean renewable energy source that does not cause any greenhouse gas emissions
and does not burden the atmosphere with combustion of fossil fuels. A wider
perspective of the issues shows that the construction of a hydroelectric
facility already means a massive intervention into the environment which leaves
irreparable consequences on the continental water ecosystems due to thoughtless
action. Withdrawal or curbing water to an ecosystem takes place in three phases:
changed sediments shifting, changed regime of water flow and a change in
physic-chemical parameters. This is followed by changes in the sediments
structure, forms of the riverbed and a change in the community of periphyton
algae and macrophytes. Such interventions reduce the biodiversity of water and
waterside flora and fauna.
Key words:
water cycle, fresh water
ecosystems, hydropower, impoundments, Hydrology, morphology, chemical-physical
changes, fauna, flora
BRITOVŠEK Neja: Analiza možnosti ekološke obnove
vodnih teles/span>
Mentor: prof. dr.
Matjaž Mikoš
zagovor: maj 2016
Povzetek
V preteklosti so ljudje s tehničnimi ukrepi posegali v vodna
telesa predvsem za potrebe kmetijstva, širjenja naselij, pridobivanja električne
energije in varovanja pred poplavami. Z razvojem betona so mnogi vodotoki
postali le še umetni kanali, ki so izgubili vse svoje funkcije. Poleg tega pa so
bile poseljene tudi poplavne ravnice in izsušena številna močvirja. Voda nima
več prepotrebnega prostora za zadrževanje in ekstremni pojavi, kot sta suša in
poplave, so zato zmeraj pogostejši. V novejšem obdobju se vseh posledic
preteklih ukrepov zaveda tudi družba, zato se trend gospodarjenja z vodami naglo
obrača iz togih tehničnih ukrepov k sonaravnemu urejanju voda. Ključni cilj
obnavljanja vodnih teles je vzpostaviti naravno ravnovesje vodotoka in
prepustiti kroženju vode bistveno več prostora. S tem bodo dani pogoji za razvoj
biotske pestrosti, kar vpliva tudi na samočistilno sposobnost vodotoka.
Revitalizacijski ukrepi posnemajo strukturo in funkcijo naravnega vodnega
ekosistema in vključujejo izdelavo prodišč, tolmunov, poplavnih ravnic,
utrjevanje erodiranih brežin z različnimi sonaravnimi tehnikami itn. Pri
sonaravnem urejanju se pojavlja tudi pojem inženirsko bioloških metod, ki se
pogosto uporabljajo za stabilizacijo brežin. V primerjavi s klasičnimi
tehničnimi ukrepi potrebujejo te metode več časa za doseganje želene
stabilizacije, vendar so cenejše in manj zahtevne za gradnjo, predvsem pa
povečujejo habitatno, samočistilno in estetsko funkcijo vodotokov. Pri
sonaravnem urejanju voda je zelo pomembna uporaba naravnih, tudi živih
materialov. V svetu je bilo uspešno obnovljenih že veliko različnih vrst vodnih
teles, ki se danes obravnavajo kot primeri dobre prakse urejanja voda.
Ključne besede: Sonaravno
urejanje vodotokov, stabilizacija brežin, revitalizacija, inženirsko biološke
metode, dobre prakse urejanja voda
Abstract
In the past, people interfered in bodies of water through
technical steps mostly in need for agriculture, settlement expansion, gaining
electrical energy and flood protection. With evolution of concrete, many
waterways became merely artificial water canals that have lost all their
functions. Apart from that, floodplains have become colonized and swamps have
dried up. Water no longer has the highly needed space for retention, and extreme
natural phenomena such as drought and floods have become more frequent. The
society has been aware of the consequences of the past measures, therefore the
water management trend is rapidly turning from rigid technical measures towards
more natural water management. The key aim of water renewal is to restore
natural watercourse balance and essentially give the water circulation more
space. This will create conditions for development of biotic diversity which
affects also on self-cleaning ability of a watercourse. Revitalisation measures
imitate the structure and function of the natural water system, and include
composition of gravel pits, pools, floodplains, strengthening of shoreline
erosion using different natural techniques etc. In connection to natural
management, biological systems engineering methods are often used for
stabilisation of shorelines. Compared to classic technical measures these
methods require more time to achieve desired stabilisation, however, they are
cheaper and less demanding for construction, and above all they increase
habitat, self-cleaning and aesthetic function of watercourses. In natural water
management use of natural, even living materials is of high importance. Many
bodies of water have been successfully restored around the world, and these are
nowadays examples of good water management.
Key words:
sustainable watercourse
management, erosion protection, restoration, bioengineering methods, good
practices for water management
MUTAVČIĆ Darko: Negotovost pri modeliranju
hidroloških procesov
Mentor:
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: april 2016
Povzetek
V praksi hidrologije je nemogoče
izmeriti vse, kar bi želeli vedeti o hidrološkem sistemu, predvsem zaradi visoke
heterogenosti interesnega območja in omejitev merilnih tehnik. Te omejitve in
potrebe za ekstrapolacijo podatkov iz razpoložljivih meritev so sprožili uporabo
hidroloških modelov. Vendar pa hidrološki modeli trpijo zaradi negotovosti pri
svojih napovedih, kar zmanjšuje uporabnost in zaupanje v takšne modele. V tem
pregledu so povzete različne klasifikacije tipov hidroloških modelov in
naslovljene so tudi nekatere izmed njihovih prednosti in slabosti, povzeti so
tudi nekateri ustaljeni kalibracijski postopki in metode ovrednotenja modelov.
Ena izmed teh metod je analiza negotovosti, kateri je posvečeno posebno
poglavje, kjer so navedeni viri negotovosti in metode za njihovo oceno.
Ključne besede: hidrološki
modeli, umerjanje, ocena negotovosti
Abstract
In practil terms, in hydrology, it
is impossible to measure everything we would like to know about the hydrological
system, mainly due to high heterogenity of area of interest and the limitations
of measurement techniques. These restrictions and the need to extrapolate data
information from the available measurements initiated the use of hydrological
models. However, hydrological models suffer from uncertainty in their
predictions, which reduces usefulness of and confidence in such models. This
review summarizes the different classifications of hydrological model types and
have addressed some of their advantages and disadvantages, summarized are also
some of the established calibration procedures and methods for model evaluation.
One of these methods is the uncertainty analysis, to which is dedicated a
special section, wherein are listed sources of uncertainty and methods for their
evaluation.
Key words:
hydrological models, calibration, uncertainty estimation
MLAKER Aleš: Predstavitev in izvedba kanalizacijskih
sistemov z izbrano tehnologijo podvrtavanja
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Mario Krzyk
zagovor: april 2016
Povzetek
V seminarski nalogi so
predstavljene štiri tehnologije podvrtavanja, katera so: mikrotuneliranje,
horizontalno vodeno vrtanje, usmerjeno vrtanje z optičnim nadzorom in
podvrtavanja s kovinsko zaščitno cevjo brez usmerjanja. Tehnologije podvrtavanja
se uporabljajo pri prečkanju obstoječe infrastrukture in na vodovarstvenih
območij. Te tehnologije imenujemo tudi tehnologije gradenj brez izkopov in so
predstavljene v prvem delu od skupaj dveh, vsebinsko različnih poglavij. V
drugem delu so predstavljeni trije različni načini odvodnjavanja odpadnih voda,
ki so: gravitacijski kanalizacijski sistem, vakuumski kanalizacijski sistem in
tlačni kanalizacijski sistem. Podrobno so opisane osnovne značilnosti,
delovanje, in sestavnih komponent značilnih za posamezni kanalizacijski sistem.
Prav tako je prikazan postopek dimenzioniranja kanalizacijskih sistemov in
dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na načrtovanje in pravilno izbiro kanalizacijskega
sistema. S podrobno predstavitvijo obeh dveh področij, sem na koncu oba dela
povezal tako, da sem izbral pravilno tehnologijo podvrtavanja za izvedbo
posameznega kanalizacijskega sistema.
Ključne besede:
Kanalizacijski sistemi, Gravitacijski kanalizacijski sistem, Vakuumski
kanalizacijski sistem, Tlačni kanalizacijski sistem, Horizontalno vodeno vrtanje
- HDD, Mikrotuneliranje, Podvrtavanje s kovinsko zaščitno cevjo brez usmerjanja,
Usmerjeno vrtanje z optičnim vodenjem
Abstract
In this seminar paper four
subdrilling technologies are presented. These are microtunneling, horizontal
directional drilling, directional drilling with optical control and pipe
ramming. Subdrilling technologies are used for crossing existing infrastructure
and in water protection areas. These technologies are also called trenchless
technologies and they are presented in the first part of two parts which are
different by content. In the second part three different ways of wastewater
drainage are presented. They are gravity sewerage system, vacuum sewerage system
and pressure sewerage system. Basic features, function and component parts
characteristic for each sewerage system are described in details. The process of
dimensioning of sewerage systems and the factors influencing the planning and
right choice of the sewerage system are presented as well. With a detailed
presentation of both areas I finally connected both parts and chose the right
subdrilling technology to carry out each sewerage system.
Key words:
Sewerage systems, Gravity
sewerage system, Vacuum sewerage system, Pressure sewerage system, Horizontal
Directional Drilling - HDD, Microtunneling, Pipe ramming, Directional drilling
with optical control
GOLJA Aja: Nadzor ravnanja z balastnimi vodami
– indikativne metode
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Dušan Žagar
Somentor:
dr. Matej David
zagovor: marec 2016
Povzetek
Ladje potrebujejo dodatno obtežitev
za zagotovitev stabilnosti in varnosti ladje. Za dodatno obtežitev uporabljajo
vodo iz okolice imenovano balastna voda. Balastne vode vsebujejo usedline,
organizme ter patogene, ki se prenašajo iz ene geografske lokacije na drugo.
Ladje so glavni prenašalci organizmov in patogenov. Vsaka ladja ima potencial
prenosa ter vnosa različnih vrst organizmov v novo okolje. Mednarodna pomorska
organizacija (IMO) je leta 2004 sprejela Mednarodno konvencijo za nadzor in
ravnanje z ladijskimi balastnimi vodami in usedlinami, katere glavna skrb je
preprečitev, zmanjšanje in dokončna odprava tveganja za okolje, človeško
zdravje, lastnino in panoge industrije, ki izhaja iz prenosa škodljivih vodnih
organizmov in patogenov prek ladijskih balastnih vod in usedlin. V seminarju smo
opisali potrebe ladij po balastni vodi, tanke balastne vode na ladjah, trenutno
znanje o prenosu vrst organizmov z balastnimi vodami, Konvencijo za ravnanje z
balastnimi vodami ter priporočila Konvencije s poudarkom na standardu kakovosti
balastnih vod, opisali smo nekatere možne sisteme za ravnanje z ladijskimi
balastnimi vodami ter vzorčenje in analiziranje balastne vode za potrebe
določitve skladnosti s konvencijo. Glavni cilj seminarja je pregled in
predstavitev problematike balastnih vod, ki ga rešuje Mednarodna pomorska
organizacija IMO s Konvencijo za ravnanje z balastnimi vodami in usedlinami.
Prikazali smo možne rešitve za zadovoljevanje standardov, glavni poudarek naloge
pa je na metodah vzorčenja balastnih vod ter analizah vzorcev za kontrolo
skladnosti s Konvencijo.
Ključne besede: balastna
voda, vzorčenje, kontrola, skladnost, konvencija, indikativne metode
Abstract
Vessels require additional weight
to ensure stability and safe operations. The material used is the water from the
environment called ballast water (BW). Ballast water contains sediments,
organisms and pathogens, which are transferred with BW from one geographic
location to another. Shipping is the primary pathway for the introduction of
species. Each vessel has the potential to introduce these species into the new
environment. In 2004 International Maritime Organisation adopted the
International Convention for Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Waters and
Sediments (BWM Convention) with the main aim to prevent, minimize and ultimately
eliminate the risks to the environment, human health, property and resources,
which arise from the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens via BW
and sediments. The seminar deals with vessel's BW systems, BW tanks, current
knowledge on species transfer with BW, Ballast Water Management Convention and
its supporting guidelines outlining BW performance standard, BW management
systems for vessels and BW sampling and sample analysis for compliance control.
The aim of the seminar is to overview and present the problem of BW, which is
the subject of International Marine Organisation IMO with Convention for control
and management of ship's ballast water and sediments. Possible solutions to meet
the standards are described with the main focus on ballast water sampling and
sample analysis for compliance control.
Key words:
ballast water, sampling,
convention, compliance, control, indicative methods
ZALETELJ Aleš: Sodobni in sonaravni način
čiščenja odpadnih voda na malih čistilnih napravah
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Marko Krzyk
zagovor: marec 2016
Povzetek
Seminarska naloga obravnava ureditev odvajanja in čiščenja
odpadni vod predvsem v tistih delih Slovenije, kjer so naselja razpršena in je
postavitev centralne čistilne naprave neekonomična. V seminarski nalogi so
predstavljene male čistilne naprave, ki so primernejša za manjša naselja, kot
tudi za individualne hiše ali planinske koče. Opisane so glavne značilnosti in
procesi delovanja več različnih sistemov malih čistilnih naprav. Poudarek je na
sonaravnem čiščenju v lagunah in rastlinskih čistilnih napravah. Naveden je
problem obdelave blata, ki ga zaradi nove zakonodaje ni mogoče več deponirati.
Predstavljeni so stroški in prednosti malih čistilnih naprav. Naloga se dotakne
tudi okoljskih vidikov in vse bolj pomembnega varčevanja z vodo.
Ključne besede: komunalna
odpadna voda, male čistilne naprave, razpršena poselitev Slovenije, rastlinska
čistilna naprava
Abstract
Seminar paper addresses the lack of regulation in discharge and
wastewater treatment, especially in those parts of Slovenia, where settlements
are scattered and the placement of central wastewater treatment plant is
uneconomical. The seminar presents small treatment plants that are best suited
to smaller settlements, as well as individual houses or mountain huts. It
describes the main features and processes of various systems of small wastewater
treatment plants. The focus is on natural purification in lagoons and
constructed wetlands. It stated the problem of processing sludge, which can no
longer be deposit due to new legislation. It presents the costs and benefits of
small wastewater treatment plants. The paper also touches the environmental
aspects and all more significant water saving.
Key words:
municipal waste water, small treatment plants, dispersed
settlements in Slovenia, constructed wetland
ŠKRBINC Matic: Program Sewer+ 2016, navodila
za projektiranje in primerjava s sorodnimi programi
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Marko Krzyk
zagovor: marec 2016
Povzetek
V seminarski nalogi sem pripravil
navodilo za projektiranje kanalizacijskega sistema v programu Sewer+ 2016.
Najprej sem preučil literaturo na temo odvodnjavanja onesnaženih voda, standard
gradnje in preskušanja vodov in kanalov za odpadno vodo, pravilnik o projektni
dokumentaciji, izbira ločenega ali mešanega kanalizacijskega sistema ter
izdelava in uporaba ITP krivulj. Raziskal sem zgodovino razvoja programa Sewer+
ter podatke o samem ponudniku. Zamislil sem si priporočen potek projektiranja v
programu, kateremu sem sledil in postopoma ustvaril navodilo. Navodilo
projektanta smiselno vodi od pridobitve potrebnih vhodnih podatkov, inštalacije
programa, vnosa in urejanja terenskih podatkov, vzpostavitve sistema mrež in
kanalov, vnosa osi kanalov, urejanja nivelete, določitve cevi in jaškov do
podajanja prispevnih površin hidravličnega izračuna in izdelavo končnih izrisov
in izpisov, ki so potrebni za izdelavo vseh faz projektne dokumentacije. Poleg
navodila sem v preglednicah prikazal primerjave programa s sorodnimi programi
glede zgodovine in namena razvijanja, nabora funkcij, včitavanja terena,
projektiranja, hidravaličnega izračuna, izpisa končnih poročil, cene,… Na koncu
pa sem predstavil še nekaj smiselnih in enostavnih predlogov s katerimi bi
program Sewer+ dodatno izpopolnil, ter podal mnenje o prednostih in slabostih
sorodnih programov glede na njihove lastnosti, delovanje in zmožnosti.
Ključne besede: Sewer+2016,
kanalizacijski sistem, navodilo, projektiranje, odvajanje odpadnih voda,
prispevne površine, hidravlični izračun, hidravlično dimenzioniranje
Abstract
In the seminar paper, the
instructions to design a sewage system with the program Sewer+ 2016 are
presented. In the first part, I studied the literature on the drainage of waste
water, standards of construction and testing of drains and sewers, rules of the
project documentation, separate or combined sewage system choice, and on
production and application of ITP curves. I researched the history of the
program Sewer+ development and its provider. I pictured a useful plan course in
the program; I followed the program and gradually set up instructions. The
project leader instructions logically guide from getting the input data needed,
program installation, input and processing of terrain data, network and sewer
system set-up, sewer axis input, grade level arrangement, pipes and manholes
determination to introducing catchement areas, hydraulic calculation and making
final tracings and copies needed to finish all the phases of the project
documentation. Beside instructions, I have compared the program with similar
programs in reference to the history and purpose of the processing, function
set, terrain reading, planning, hydraulic calculation, final report copy, price,
etc., and presented it in the tables. At the end, I presented some logical and
simple propositions to improve the Sewer+ program and formed the opinion on
advantages and disadvantages of the similar programs regarding their features,
working and abilities.
Key words:
Sewer+2016, sewage system,
instruciton, design, sewage manegment, catchement areas, hydraulic calculation,
hydraulic design
SLIVAR Miha: Problematika naravnih in
antropogenih onesnaževalcev vodnega okolja v Sloveniji
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Marko Krzyk
zagovor: marec 2016
Povzetek
Problematika onesnaževanja vodnega
okolja v Sloveniji, ki je prikazana skozi varstvo okolja, zajema tako
zakonodajo, ki to obravnava, kot čiščenje onesnaženosti in zaščito voda.
Slovenija je kljub svoji majhnosti, ena izmed najbogatejših držav v Evropi,
glede vodnih virov. Močna razgibanost kamninske sestave in terena so vzroki, da
so vodotoki v Sloveniji večinoma kratki in oblikujejo gosto rečno mrežo. Vodno
okolje, zato ni bistveno izpostavljeno meddržavnemu onesnaževanju. Slovenija ima
kakovostne površinske in podzemne vode. Velika količina dinamičnih zalog se
nahaja v geoloških plasteh, ki prevajajo in akumulirajo podzemno vodo, ki
predstavlja glavni vir pitne vode v Sloveniji. Pomembno je, da zato še bistveno
bolj poskrbimo, za varstvo vodnega okolja na državnem nivoju in preprečimo
nadaljna onesnaževanja vodnega okolja. Namen seminarja je bil seznanitev s
problematiko na področju onesnaževanja vodnega okolja v Sloveniji. Preučiti
zakonodajo na področju varovanja vodnega okolja in glavne zakone, ki izhajajo iz
smernic evropske Vodne direktive. Nadalje sem preučil še najpomembnejše
antropogene onesnaževalce in procese čiščenja ter zaključil z možnimi ukrepi in
podal splošne ocene kakovosti voda v Sloveniji, ki izhajajo iz obsežnih
monitoringov, od sprejetja smernic Vodne direktive.
Ključne besede: Zakonodaja,
Vodna direktiva, vodna telesa, antropogeno onesnaževanje voda, čiščenje odpadne
vode, kakovost voda
Abstract
Issues with contaminats of the
aquatic environment in Slovenia, is shown through the protection of the
environment, covering both the legislation which it regarded, as the cleaning of
pollution and protection of it. Slovenia, despite its small size, is one of the
richest countries in Europe on water resources. Strong dynamism in the
composition of terrain and rock, are the causes that the rivers in Slovenia,
mostly form short, dense networks of rivers. This is why the aquatic
environment, is not significantly exposed to the interstate pollution. Slovenia
has a good quality surface and underground water. A large amount of dynamic
stock is located in geological formations that store and transmit groundwater,
which is the main source of drinking water in Slovenia. Therefore, it's
important, to take care and protect the aquatic environment at the national
level and prevent any further pollution of it. The purpose of the seminar was to
acquaint myselve with the problems in the field of pollution of the aquatic
environment in Slovenia. Examine legislation in the field of protection and
their main laws, deriving from the guidelines of the European Water Framework
Directive. Furthermore, I researched the most important anthropogenic
contaminants and cleaning processes in aquatic environment, and finished with
actions on how to prevent them. In the end I gave a general evaluation of water
quality of aquatic environment in Slovenia, which was based on large-scale
monitoring resulting from guidelines of Water Framework Directive.
Key words:
Legislation, Water Framework Directive, water bodies,
anthropogenic water pollution, wastewater treatment, water quality
PEZDIRC Andrej: Reciklaža izrabljenih gum
Mentor: prof. dr.
Violeta Bokan-Bosiljkov
zagovor: marec 2016
Povzetek
Nepravilno odložene izrabljene gume
predstavljajo velik okoljski problem, saj lahko škodujejo okolju in zdravju
ljudi. Kupi odloženih gum so dober prostor za razmnoževanje komarjev in podgan,
ki prenašajo bolezni, prav tako lahko pride do vžiga gum, kar ima za posledico
močno onesnaženje zraka, tal in vodotokov. Čeprav izrabljene gume zaradi svoje
voluminoznosti in trajnosti predstavljajo velik problem, so pomemben vir surovin
za ponovno uporabo v različnih produktih, zato je pomembno pravilno ravnanje z
njimi. Področje ravnanja z izrabljenimi gumami je v Sloveniji dobro urejeno z
zakonodajo, saj uredba o ravnanju z izrabljenimi gumami določa za odgovornega
proizvajalca, katerega dolžnost je zbiranje, prevoz in predelava izrabljenih
gum. Izrabljene gume so kompozit kavčuka, umetnih mas, žvepla in dodatkov ter so
ojačane z jeklom in vlakni, zaradi česar jih je težko reciklirati na
konvencionalen način. Danes so razvite različne fizikalne in kemijske metode za
reciklažo izrabljenih gum, od mletja gum na granulat različnih velikosti do
toplotne razgradnje na tekoče, plinaste in trdne komponente. Reciklirani
materiali se uporabljajo v raznih panogah, kot so gradbeništvo, industrija,
kmetijstvo, vrtnarstvo itd. Problem pa še vedno predstavljajo optimalnost in
ekonomska upravičenost nekaterih metod ter omejena uporaba recikliranega
materiala pri proizvodnji novih produktov.
Ključne besede: zakonodaja,
ravnanje z odpadki, izrabljene gume, recikliranje, metode reciklaže, zgradba
pnevmatike
Abstract
Incorrectly disposed waste tires
represent a major environmental problem because it can be harmful to the
environment and to human health. Massive stockpiles of waste tires provide ideal
breeding grounds for disease carrying mosquitoes and rats, also these stockpiles
can catch fire, leading to extensive environmental pollution and ground
contamination. Though, the waste tires, due to the large volume produced and
their durability create a lot of problems, they are important source of raw
materials that can be used in other products. Regarding to this, it is important
they are handled properly. In Slovenia waste tire management is well regulated
with legislation, where regulation determines that it is producers
responsibility for collecting, transportation and recovery of waste tires. Waste
tire is a composite of different crosslinked rubber compounds reinforced with
both textile fibre and steel wire, which makes them hard to recycle by
conventional methods. Today, physical and chemical methods are developed for
recycling of waste tires, from grinding them into rubber crumb to thermal
decomposition, yielding liquid, gaseous and solid components. Recycled materials
can be used in civil engineering, manufacturing industry, agriculture,
horticulture etc. However, some problems occur, due to high costs of some
methods and limited use of recycled materials in new products.
Key words:
legislation, waste management, waste tires, recycling,
recycling methods, tire structure
LUNAR (PERNE)
Polona: Zadrževanje padavinskih voda in odvodnjavanje avtocest z vidika zaščite
okolja
Mentor: izr.
prof. dr. Jože Panjan
Somentor:
asist. dr. Marko Krzyk
zagovor: februar 2016
Povzetek
Človek je s svojo navzočnostjo ter
uporabo prostora povzročil spremembe zemeljskega površja, ter spremembe v
funkcioniranju celotnega biotopa. Zaradi naraščajočega obsega urbanizacije, so
se povečali odtočni koeficienti ter zmanjšale možnosti zadrževanja deževnih vod
na površini. Med drugim se veliki posegi v naravo povzročajo tudi z gradnjo
avtocest. Z utrjenih prometnih površin v času nalivov lahko v zelo kratkem času
odteče zelo velika količina padavinske vode, ki je pogosto precej onesnažena in
kot taka neprimerna za izpust v naravno okolje. Zato jo je pred izpustom
potrebno primerno očistiti, kar določa tudi veljavna zakonodaja. Tip in stopnja
očiščevanja se določita glede na ranljivost območja po katerem prometnica
poteka. Pogosto je že zaradi slabše ponikalne spodobnosti potrebno zadrževanje
padavinske vode v zadrževalnikih, kjer se voda delno očisti in počasi spusti v
okolje. Po potrebi se predvidijo še dodatni ukrepi za čiščenje meteorne vode. V
zadnjem času raziskave kažejo na dobro učinkovitost čiščenja, ki ga
predstavljajo zadrževalnik s funkcijo lovilca olj in usedalnika, zadrževalnik s
ponikovalnikom in rastlinske čistilne naprave. Za učinkovito delovanje čistilnih
objektov je, tako kot pri vseh ostalih odvodnjevalnih napravah, potrebno redno
čiščenje in vzdrževanje.
Ključne besede: zadrževanje,
padavinska voda, odvodnjavanje avtocest, zaščita okolja
Abstract
Man with his presence and the use
of space caused changes in the Earth's surface, and changes in the functioning
of the entire biotope. Due to the growing urbanization, there are increased
drainage coefficients and reduce the possibility of retention of rain water on
the surface. Among other things, the large interventions in nature are also
caused by the construction of motorways. We are often dealing with great amount
of rainwater coming very quickly from road surface during heavy rain, which is
often quite contaminated and as such unsuitable for release into the natural
environment. Therefore it is necessary rainwater from road surface to be
properly cleaned before discharge, which also determines the applicable law. The
type and degree of purification are determined according to the vulnerability of
the area traffic route is running. Often it is, due to the lack of sufficient
drainage, necessary to hold rainwater in reservoirs, where water is partially
cleaned and slowly released into the environment. If necessary, additional
cleaning storm water is provided. Recent researches demonstrate the
effectiveness of cleaning, represented by the reservoir with addition functions
of oil separator and settlement tank, reservoir with ground infiltration and
constructed wetlands. For efficient operation of those cleaning appliances is,
as with all other drainage systems, required regular cleaning and maintenance.
Key words:
containment, storm water,
drainage motorways, protection of the environment
BAKARIČ Nikola: Hidravlično modeliranje
cevovodnih sistemov s pomočjo programov QGIS in Epanet
Mentor: prof. dr.
Franci Steinman
Somentor: asist. dr. Daniel Kozelj
zagovor: februar 2016
Povzetek
V nalogi predstavljamo osnove
numerične metode SPH, ki smo jih povzeli iz izbrane literature. Opisujemo
delovanje metode, ki temelji na Lagrangeevem opisu domene, opišemo jedrno
funkcijo metode SPH in osnovne enačbe. V modelu TisISAT smo izvedli simulacijo
padca kocke na vodno gladino in njeno tonjenje proti dnu po metodi SPH. Namen
naloge je prikazati delovanje metode na konkretnem primeru in predstaviti tri
sklope rezultatov (gibanje delcev tekočine, hitrosti v tekočini in tlake v
tekočini). Ugotovili smo, da metoda realistično opiše opazovani pojav in nam
daje kvalitativno zadovoljive rezultate.
Ključne besede: metoda SPH,
tonjenje kocke, tekočina, delci, hitrostno polje, polje tlakov, Lagrangeeva
metoda
Abstract
We introduce basics of the SPH
numerical method, recapitulated from chosen literature. We describe the
functionality of the Lagrangean grid-based method, its kernel function and the
fundamental equations. In the model TisISAT based on the SPH method we performed
simulations of a cube falling to the water surface and its sinking into the
fluid.The aim of the study was to show operation of the SPH method on a case
study and to obtain three types of results (motion of particles in the fluid,
velocity fields and pressure fields). The SPH method gives qualitatively good
results and realistic description of the observed phenomena.
Key words:
SPH method, cube sinking,
liquid, particles, velocity field, pressure field, Lagrangean method
BOSNAR Blaž: Simulacija padca in tonjenja
kocke v tekočini po metodi SPH
Mentor: izr prof.
dr. Dušan Žagar
Somentor: dr.Gregor Petkovšek
zagovor: januar 2016
Povzetek
V nalogi predstavljamo osnove
numerične metode SPH, ki smo jih povzeli iz izbrane literature. Opisujemo
delovanje metode, ki temelji na Lagrangeevem opisu domene, opišemo jedrno
funkcijo metode SPH in osnovne enačbe. V modelu TisISAT smo izvedli simulacijo
padca kocke na vodno gladino in njeno tonjenje proti dnu po metodi SPH. Namen
naloge je prikazati delovanje metode na konkretnem primeru in predstaviti tri
sklope rezultatov (gibanje delcev tekočine, hitrosti v tekočini in tlake v
tekočini). Ugotovili smo, da metoda realistično opiše opazovani pojav in nam
daje kvalitativno zadovoljive rezultate.
Ključne besede: metoda SPH,
tonjenje kocke, tekočina, delci, hitrostno polje, polje tlakov, Lagrangeeva
metoda
Abstract
We introduce basics of the SPH
numerical method, recapitulated from chosen literature. We describe the
functionality of the Lagrangean grid-based method, its kernel function and the
fundamental equations. In the model TisISAT based on the SPH method we performed
simulations of a cube falling to the water surface and its sinking into the
fluid.The aim of the study was to show operation of the SPH method on a case
study and to obtain three types of results (motion of particles in the fluid,
velocity fields and pressure fields). The SPH method gives qualitatively good
results and realistic description of the observed phenomena.
Key words:
SPH method, cube sinking,
liquid, particles, velocity field, pressure field, Lagrangean method